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"What Women are Doing in America" (typescript draft)

`What Women are Doing in America` (typescript draft)

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    [ This description is from the project: 本月目标 ]

    这篇og体育平台女性在男性主导的行业中工作的文章的未注明日期的打字稿可能是由记者玛格丽特B. 厄帕姆·赖特(1839-1919). With examples of exceptional women succeeding in business, 法律, 医学, 和部, this article champions ambitious women who "go 和 take" their rights, "not satisfied with only the humbler places railway signal-women, 铁路ticketsellers, 簿记员, type-writers 和 restaurant cashiers.赖特对职业女性成就的叙述忽视了非精英白人女性的劳动, 以及大多数有色人种女性, for whom waged work was overwhelmingly a necessity for survival, rather than a journey of personal fulfillment or political statement.

    玛格丽特·B是谁. 莱特?

    出生在卡斯廷, Maine in 1839 to Sylvanus Kidder Upham 和 Marianne Brooks Upham, 玛格丽特·巴克“伯莎”·厄普姆·赖特是两个孩子的母亲,两次丧偶,当她在20世纪初起草这篇文章时,她自己对雇佣工作并不陌生. 作为一个年轻的女人, 她结过两次婚——两次的丈夫都在婚后不久就去世了——每个丈夫都有一个孩子. After the death of her second husb和 she did not remarry, 作为一名记者来养家糊口,并为许多出版物撰稿,包括 艺术爱好者, 大西洋, 世纪》杂志, 的Chautauquan, Lippincott的, 外域月刊, 斯克里布纳尔出版社的,圣殿酒吧. She was also a member of the editorial staff for the 剑桥大学论坛 (剑桥,麻萨诸塞州). 她带着成年子女周游欧洲,出版的唯一一本书是一本旅行回忆录, Hired Furnished: Being Certain Economical Housekeeping Adventures in Engl和 (Robert Brothers, 1897),献给她“这些雇佣的挚爱伴侣”——她的儿子查尔斯. A supporter of women's right to vote, 莱特 died of a heart condition in 1919, 享年八十岁, before she herself was able to exercise her newly-won right to cast a ballot.

    谁是赖特笔下的女人?

    赖特所举的女性工作的例子来自于一大堆职业,但总体上都属于中上阶层. Of the twelve women named in the piece, 其中四位是部长, 两位建筑师, 一个是律师, 一个是出版商, 和 one a pharmacist—all careers requiring specialized training. 剩下的四个, 两位是企业主, 一个是内河领航员, 一个在市政府工作. This collective portrait of women "doing" in America, 然后, is one of exceptional women in what at the time were considered male occupations. The examples are most likely exclusively white, 他们都不在工厂工作, 在家政服务中, 当店员或秘书. Eleven of the twelve were subjects of contemporary news coverage, 这表明赖特的大部分例子都是根据现有的印刷材料而不是实地研究编写的. In the order named in 莱特's draft, the women profiled are:

    索菲亚·布劳恩利希(1854-1898). 布劳恩里奇的讣告 The Engineering 和 Mining Journal (20 August 1898) describes her as a "phenomenal mind" in a "frail physical home.“在她44年的生命中, Brauenlich was educated in Germany, 已婚及丧偶, attended Packard's Business College, 和 was hired by the Scientific Publishing Company in a clerical position. At the company she worked her way up to Business Manager 和 was, 正如赖特所言, the first American woman elected a Fellow of the Imperial Institute of London.

    莉迪亚·塞克斯顿(1799-1894). 塞克斯顿在俄亥俄州联合兄弟教会担任无执照和正式执照的牧师, 印第安纳州, 伊利诺斯州, 和堪萨斯州. 70岁时,她成为堪萨斯州立监狱第一位担任监狱牧师的女性.

    Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921). 布莱克威尔毕业于奥伯林学院,1853年被任命为南巴特勒公理会教会的牧师, 纽约; she later became a Unitarian. 她积极参与废奴运动, 节制, 以及女权运动, 和 wrote for the suffrage periodical 《og体育官网》 published by her brother-in-法律 Henry Blackwell 和 his wife Lucy Stone.

    奥古斯塔J. 查宾(1836 - 1905). Chapin taught school in her adolescence 和 attended Olivet College for two years. 她得了A.M. degree at the University of Michigan 和 her D.D. at Lombard University; she was ordained as a Universalist minister. 她是1868年芝加哥世界博览会上世界宗教大会的主任之一,也是作家和讲师. 她的讣告在 普遍主义者名册 (1906) remembered her as a "champion of woman suffrage,“一个旅行者兼导游, 和 "active 和 prominent member of Sorosis,“职业女性俱乐部.

    爱丽丝·金尼·莱特(1870-1949). 另一位普救论的牧师,赖特毕业于广州神学院. 1891年,她与第一任丈夫阿尔弗雷德·埃尔斯沃思·赖特一起被任命为牧师. 他们担任和解教会和第五普世主义教会的共同牧师, 都在布鲁克林, 纽约. They divorced in 1903 和 Alice retired from ministry. In 1905 she married a Charles Hinman Graves (1839-1928); the couple left shortly thereafter for Sweden where Graves served as U.S. 1905年至1913年任大使.

    伊莉斯·默瑟(1868-1947). Mercur was an architect based in Pittsburgh, 宾西法尼亚. 她在法国和德国以及宾夕法尼亚美术学院接受教育,设计并监督了许多建筑物的建造,包括棉花州的妇女大厦 & International Exposition (Atlanta, Georgia) in 1895, the Y.W.C.A. 在锡拉丘兹的大楼, 纽约, the Children's Building at City Home 和 Hospital in Marshalsea, 宾夕法尼亚和圣. Paul's Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. 34岁时,她嫁给了卡尔·鲁道夫·瓦格纳(1872-1949),两人育有三个孩子.

    朱丽叶除了. 哈格和她丈夫住在一起, 乔治·哈格船长, on the banks of the Ohio River in McKees Rocks, 宾西法尼亚. In 1898 she made the news when she applied for her own pilot's license. While the inspector at first "found a great many things to criticise," including that she was "too young ... too petite, gentle, refined 和 ladylike, ... 总的来说,在领航员的外表上,太缺乏人们所期望看到的东西了,他不情愿地承认她有必要的技能,并给了她执照. 根据一个故事 纽约杂志和广告人 (1898年8月9日). 哈格最感兴趣的不是乘客,也不是风景,而是飞行员和引擎室...she is desirous of advancing herself in the knowledge of civil engineering."

    A.E. 保罗(1843? - 1912). A. Emogene Paul seems to have been an 伊利诺斯州 native, married from 1863 to 1890 when she was either widowed or divorced. 她有两个孩子. A member of the Municipal Order League, 一个寻求改善芝加哥公共空间卫生条件的公民组织, 保罗在芝加哥卫生部门找到了一个正式的职位,负责街道清洁和垃圾收集. 一份当代的报告 美式厨房 (1898年2月)表明,她的一个孩子死于白喉,这是她工作的动力.

    劳拉·C. 布什. Registered as a pharmacist in 1892, 布什 eventually took "charge of the pharmacy formerly conducted by her father, 马丁L. 布什”(默克公司的报告 卷. 6, 1898). The Druggist's Circular 和 Chemical Gazette (December 1898) noted that "Miss 劳拉·C. 芝加哥罗杰斯公园的布什报告说,过去一个月生意有所改善. 布什小姐从1892年开始做生意,以前与市药房有og体育官网. Her store is a modern one 和 she keeps up with the times."

    玛丽安·塞西莉亚·蒂雷尔. In 1880, 她是芝加哥药学院(Chicago College of Pharmacy)的第一位女毕业生,也曾担任伊利诺伊州妇女制药协会(Women Pharmaceutical Association of 伊利诺斯州)的财务主管. 制药时代 (1912年2月)报道说. 和夫人. Tirrell were in the drug business for many years, 很好地说明了通过共同努力和共同利益可能取得的成功.西莉亚和她的丈夫查尔斯·蒂雷尔被并排列在库克县1913年的注册药剂师名单上.

    安妮·克莱恩·里克特(1840-1906). Born into a cotton plantation-owning family in Mississippi, 里克特在南北战争期间担任邦联的间谍,并被联邦军短暂逮捕. 战争结束后,她在加利福尼亚定居,在那里开采银矿,然后最终成立了斯托克顿和图洛姆县铁路公司.

    A.J. 阿特伍德. 根据一篇发表在 每个星期 (1916年5月15日). A. J. 1894年,阿特伍德丧偶,有一个女儿要抚养,他被鼓励开了一家职业介绍所,招收流动劳工. 阿特伍德的生意最终扩展成了一个连锁办公室,阿特伍德的女儿最终加入了她的家族企业. 看起来," the 每个星期 journalist observed, “在现代效率体系中,把一个人安置在合适的位置上是最重要的事情之一."

    罗莎莉·勒夫·惠特尼(1873-1939). Whitney was born in 纽约 to immigrant parents, attended Hunter College 和 纽约 University, 和 after admittance to the bar joined her father's 法律 firm as a partner. 她于1897年加入纽约法律援助协会,并于1901年成为该协会的代理首席律师,这是第一位担任该职位的女性. She met her husb和, Travis Whitney, when he 卷unteered for the organization. 1903年结婚后,这对夫妇继续从事法律工作,两人都长期担任公职.

    她能做到吗?? Massachusetts Debates a Woman's Right to Vote

    Commemorating 100 years since Massachusetts ratified the 19th Amendment, 马萨诸塞州历史学会的一个新展览探讨了围绕马萨诸塞州妇女选举权的激进主义和辩论. Featuring dynamic 图像ry from the collection of the MHS, “她能做到吗??" Massachusetts Debates a Woman's Right to Vote illustrates the passion on each side of the suffrage question. The exhibition is open at the MHS April 26 through September 21, 2019, 星期一至星期六, 从上午10点到下午4点. 免费入场. 请查看 og体育平台的日历 for more information on the exhibit 和 related programs.

    进一步阅读

    多伊奇,萨拉. Women 和 the City: Gender, Space, 和 Power in Boston, 1870-1940. 牛津大学出版社,2000年.

    Edlin-莱特,罗威娜. “介绍” 有风的多 玛格丽特·B. 莱特. Smallprint 2018.

    莱特家族文件, 马萨诸塞州历史学会.
    玛格丽特B号. 赖特的论文, 1868-1920, are contained within the 莱特家族文件 和 consist of personal correspondence, 日记, 法律和金融文件, published 和 unpublished writings, 和 some reviews of 和 responses to her published work.

    玛格丽特·B·赖特. Hired Furnished: Being Certain Economical Housekeeping Adventures in Engl和 (罗伯茨兄弟,1897).